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Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe is a science book by mathematical physicist Roger Penrose published by The Bodley Head in 2010. The book outlines Penrose's Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC) model, which is an extension of general relativity but opposed to the widely supported multidimensional string theories and cosmological inflation following the Big Bang.
The absurd universe: Our universe just happens to be the way it is. The unique universe: There is a deep underlying unity in physics that necessitates the Universe being the way it is. A Theory of Everything will explain why the various features of the Universe must have exactly the values that have been recorded.
A graphical view of the Cosmic Calendar, featuring the months of the year, days of December, the final minute, and the final second. The Cosmic Calendar is a method to visualize the chronology of the universe, scaling its currently understood age of 13.787 billion years to a single year in order to help intuit it for pedagogical purposes in science education or popular science.
In 2011, a five-year survey of 200,000 galaxies and spanning 7 billion years of cosmic time confirmed that "dark energy is driving our universe apart at accelerating speeds." [ 4 ] [ 5 ] One new cyclic model is the brane cosmology model of the creation of the universe , derived from the earlier ekpyrotic model.
These three adjectives refer to the overall geometry of the universe, and not to the local curving of spacetime caused by smaller clumps of mass (for example, galaxies and stars). If the primary content of the universe is inert matter, as in the dust models popular for much of the 20th century, there is a particular fate corresponding to each ...
The ratios predicted (by mass, not by abundance) are about 0.25 for 4 He:H, about 10 −3 for 2 H:H, about 10 −4 for 3 He:H, and about 10 −9 for 7 Li:H. [35] The measured abundances all agree at least roughly with those predicted from a single value of the baryon-to-photon ratio.
The fraction of the total energy density of our (flat or almost flat) universe that is dark energy, , is estimated to be 0.669 ± 0.038 based on the 2018 Dark Energy Survey results using Type Ia supernovae [7] or 0.6847 ± 0.0073 based on the 2018 release of Planck satellite data, or more than 68.3% (2018 estimate) of the mass–energy density ...
The observable universe contains as many as an estimated 2 trillion galaxies [95] [96] [97] and, overall, as many as an estimated 10 24 stars [98] [99] – more stars (and earth-like planets) than all the grains of beach sand on planet Earth; [100] [101] [102] but less than the total number of atoms estimated in the universe as 10 82; [103] and ...