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Namely, an attacker observing the sequence of squarings and multiplications can (partially) recover the exponent involved in the computation. This is a problem if the exponent should remain secret, as with many public-key cryptosystems. A technique called "Montgomery's ladder" [2] addresses this concern.
In 1976, Hewlett-Packard calculator user Jim Davidson coined the term decapower for the scientific-notation exponent to distinguish it from "normal" exponents, and suggested the letter "D" as a separator between significand and exponent in typewritten numbers (for example, 6.022D23); these gained some currency in the programmable calculator ...
This is not a problem with a block displayed formula, and also typically not with inline formulas that exceed the normal line height marginally (for example formulas with subscripts and superscripts). The use of LaTeX in a piped link or in a section heading does not appear in blue in the linked text or the table of content. Moreover, links to ...
In the base ten number system, integer powers of 10 are written as the digit 1 followed or preceded by a number of zeroes determined by the sign and magnitude of the exponent. For example, 10 3 = 1000 and 10 −4 = 0.0001. Exponentiation with base 10 is used in scientific notation to denote large or small numbers.
Euler's formula, named after Leonhard Euler, is a mathematical formula in complex analysis that establishes the fundamental relationship between the trigonometric functions and the complex exponential function.
One of the reasons for the importance of the matrix exponential is that it can be used to solve systems of linear ordinary differential equations.The solution of = (), =, where A is a constant matrix and y is a column vector, is given by =.
Modular exponentiation is the remainder when an integer b (the base) is raised to the power e (the exponent), and divided by a positive integer m (the modulus); that is, c = b e mod m. From the definition of division, it follows that 0 ≤ c < m. For example, given b = 5, e = 3 and m = 13, dividing 5 3 = 125 by 13 leaves a remainder of c = 8.
Engineering notation or engineering form (also technical notation) is a version of scientific notation in which the exponent of ten is always selected to be divisible by three to match the common metric prefixes, i.e. scientific notation that aligns with powers of a thousand, for example, 531×10 3 instead of 5.31×10 5 (but on calculator displays written without the ×10 to save space).