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The viral eukaryogenesis hypothesis posits that eukaryotes are composed of three ancestral elements: a viral component that became the modern nucleus; a prokaryotic cell (an archaeon according to the eocyte hypothesis) which donated the cytoplasm and cell membrane of modern cells; and another prokaryotic cell (here bacterium) that, by endocytosis, became the modern mitochondrion or chloroplast.
Phages (infecting prokaryotes): Escherichia virus Lambda (Phage lambda) Phi X 174, the first DNA genome ever to be sequenced (circular, 5386 base pairs in length), shortly after the RNA genome of bacteriophage MS2 (in 1976). T4 phage; Animal viruses: SV40; Human alphaherpesvirus (Herpes simplex virus) Plant viruses: Tobacco mosaic virus
The well-studied tobacco mosaic virus [26]: 37 and inovirus [45] are examples of helical viruses. Icosahedral Most animal viruses are icosahedral or near-spherical with chiral icosahedral symmetry. A regular icosahedron is the optimum way of forming a closed shell from identical subunits. The minimum number of capsomeres required for each ...
The morbilliviruses, for example, are a group of closely related, but distinct viruses that infect a broad range of animals. The group includes measles virus, which infects humans and primates; canine distemper virus , which infects many animals including dogs, cats, bears, weasels and hyaenas; rinderpest , which infected cattle and buffalo ...
Examples include, rabies, yellow fever and pappataci fever. [7] The viruses that infect other vertebrates are related to those of humans and most families of viruses that cause human diseases are represented. [8] They are important pathogens of livestock and cause diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease and bluetongue. [9]
However, the two capsids making up the virus are fused; divided, the capsids would be 15 nm (1.5 × 10 −5 mm) in length. Other environmentally characterized ssDNA viruses such as CRESS DNA viruses, among others, can have genomes that are considerably less than 2,000 nucleotides. [12] [13]
[3] [4] In the three-domain model, the first two are prokaryotes, single-celled microorganisms without a membrane-bound nucleus. All organisms that have a cell nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles are included in Eukarya and called eukaryotes. Non-cellular life, most notably the viruses, is not included in this system
Riboviria mostly contains eukaryotic viruses, and most eukaryotic viruses, including most human, animal, and plant viruses, belong to the realm. [ 18 ] Most widely known viral diseases are caused by viruses in Riboviria , which includes influenza viruses , HIV , coronaviruses , ebolaviruses , and the rabies virus , [ 6 ] as well as the first ...