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Cache hierarchy, or multi-level cache, is a memory architecture that uses a hierarchy of memory stores based on varying access speeds to cache data. Highly requested data is cached in high-speed access memory stores, allowing swifter access by central processing unit (CPU) cores.
A CPU cache is a hardware cache used by the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer to reduce the average cost (time or energy) to access data from the main memory. [1] A cache is a smaller, faster memory, located closer to a processor core, which stores copies of the data from frequently used main memory locations.
Diagram of a CPU memory cache operation. In computing, a cache (/ k æ ʃ / ⓘ KASH) [1] is a hardware or software component that stores data so that future requests for that data can be served faster; the data stored in a cache might be the result of an earlier computation or a copy of data stored elsewhere.
This is sometimes called the space cost, as a larger memory object is more likely to overflow a small and fast level and require use of a larger, slower level. The resulting load on memory use is known as pressure (respectively register pressure, cache pressure, and (main) memory pressure).
AMAT's three parameters hit time (or hit latency), miss rate, and miss penalty provide a quick analysis of memory systems. Hit latency (H) is the time to hit in the cache. Miss rate (MR) is the frequency of cache misses, while average miss penalty (AMP) is the cost of a cache miss in terms of time. Concretely it can be defined as follows.
SanDisk X4 flash memory cards, introduced in 2009, was one of the first products based on NAND memory that stores 4 bits per cell, commonly referred to as quad-level-cell (QLC), using 16 discrete charge levels (states) in each individual transistor. The QLC chips used in these memory cards were manufactured by Toshiba, SanDisk and SK Hynix. [30 ...
The SAF layer is formed from two ferromagnetic layers separated by a nonmagnetic coupling spacer layer. ... (ST-MRAM) as cache memory. [55] 2014
On March 11, 2019, the CXL Specification 1.0 based on PCIe 5.0 was released. [8] It allows host CPU to access shared memory on accelerator devices with a cache coherent protocol.