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Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI, ATC code M09AX02 ()) is a biomedical treatment that repairs damages in articular cartilage.ACI provides pain relief while at the same time slowing down the progression or considerably delaying partial or total joint replacement (knee replacement) surgery.
In osteoarthritis, joint injection of glucocorticoids (such as hydrocortisone) leads to short term pain relief that may last between a few weeks and a few months. [5] Injections of hyaluronic acid have not produced improvement compared to placebo for knee arthritis, [6] [7] but did increase risk of further pain. [6]
A condyloid joint (also called condylar, ellipsoidal, or bicondylar [1]) is an ovoid articular surface, or condyle that is received into an elliptical cavity. This permits movement in two planes, allowing flexion , extension , adduction , abduction , and circumduction .
In this stage there are two surgical treatment options; total wrist arthroplasty and total wrist arthrodesis. Total wrist arthrodesis is the standard surgical treatment for patients with stage IV wrist osteoarthritis. During this procedure the carpal bones are all fused together and are then fastened to the distal radius. [14]
A 2017 review described the evidence as moderate for knee osteoarthritis. [15] A 2016 review found benefit but there was a moderate degree of variability between trials and risk of bias. [ 16 ] In 2019, the American College of Rheumatology recommended against prolotherapy for knee osteoarthritis.
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