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The Decretals of Gregory IX (Latin: Decretales Gregorii IX), also collectively called the Liber extra, are a source of medieval Catholic canon law. In 1230, Pope Gregory IX ordered his chaplain and confessor , Raymond of Penyafort , a Dominican , to form a new canonical collection destined to replace the Decretum Gratiani , which was the chief ...
This is an incomplete list of papal bulls, listed by the year in which each was issued.. The decrees of some papal bulls were often tied to the circumstances of time and place, and may have been adjusted, attenuated, or abrogated by subsequent popes as situations changed.
The war of 1228–1230 is known as the War of the Keys. Gregory IX and Frederick came to a truce, but when Frederick defeated the Lombard League in 1239, the possibility that he might dominate all of Italy, surrounding the Papal States , became a very real threat.
The causes of the War of the Keys were Frederick's failure to lead the Sixth Crusade on the schedule he had agreed and his alleged violations of ecclesiastical rights, especially in the Papal State in central Italy. In October 1227, Gregory excommunicated Frederick. In June 1228, Frederick left on the Sixth Crusade without Gregory's approval. [1]
The principles expressed in Dictatus Papae are mostly those expressed by the Gregorian Reform, which had been initiated by Gregory decades before he became pope. It does not mention key aspects of the reform movement such as the abolishing of the triple abuse of clerical marriage, lay investiture and simony. [ 2 ]
Gregory subsequently put the cardinal bishop of Albano, Henry, in charge of preaching the crusade in France and Germany. [4] The pope reissued Audita tremendi with some modifications on 30 October and 3 November, whereas a fourth version of the text was sent out by Gregory's successor Clement III on 2 January 1188. [5]
A decree (Latin: decretum, from decerno, 'I judge') is, in a general sense, an order or law made by a superior authority for the direction of others. In the usage of the canon law of the Catholic Church, it has various meanings. Any papal bull, brief, or motu proprio is a decree inasmuch as these documents are legislative acts of the pope. In ...
The principal sources on the war are in Latin.The Chronica of Richard of San Germano, which has a pro-imperial stance, is one of the most important narrative sources. [1] [2] [3] The biography of Gregory IX in the Liber censuum provides a valuable pro-papal narrative. [4]