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Interactive animation of the structure of ATP. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate [2] that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis.
ATP is a molecule found only in and around living cells, and as such it gives a direct measure of biological concentration and health. ATP is quantified by measuring the light produced through its reaction with the naturally-occurring firefly enzyme luciferase using a luminometer.
Meaning ā (a with a bar over it) before (from Latin ante) before: A: assessment a.a. of each (from Latin ana ana) amino acids: A or Ala – alanine; C or Cys – cysteine; D or Asp – aspartic acid; E or Glu – glutamic acid; F or Phe – phenylalanine; H or His – histidine; I or Ile – isoleucine; K or Lys – lysine; L or Leu ...
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Pronunciation follows convention outside the medical field, in which acronyms are generally pronounced as if they were a word (JAMA, SIDS), initialisms are generally pronounced as individual letters (DNA, SSRI), and abbreviations generally use the expansion (soln. = "solution", sup. = "superior").
The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate-level phosphorylation, which does not require oxygen. Fermentation is less efficient at using the energy from glucose: only 2 ATP are produced per glucose, compared to the 38 ATP per glucose nominally produced by aerobic respiration. Glycolytic ATP, however, is produced more quickly.
Purine metabolites: Nucleotides (e.g., ATP) and nucleosides (e.g., adenosine) that have reached the extracellular space can also serve as danger signals by signaling through purinergic receptors. [30] ATP and adenosine are released in high concentrations after catastrophic disruption of the cell, as occurs in necrotic cell death. [31]
The physiological definition of respiration differs from the biochemical definition, which refers to a metabolic process by which an organism obtains energy (in the form of ATP and NADPH) [2] by oxidizing nutrients and releasing waste products.