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The strain of Yersinia pestis responsible for the Black Death, the devastating pandemic of bubonic plague, does not appear to be a direct descendant of the Justinian plague strain. However, the spread of Justinian plague may have caused the evolutionary radiation that gave rise to the currently extant 0ANT.1 clade of strains. [44] [45]
The symptoms of bubonic plague are first attested in a fragment of Rufus of Ephesus preserved by Oribasius; these ancient medical authorities suggest bubonic plague had appeared in the Roman Empire before the reign of Trajan, six centuries before arriving at Pelusium in the reign of Justinian I. [41]
The first plague pandemic was the first historically recorded Old World pandemic of plague, the contagious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Also called the early medieval pandemic, it began with the Plague of Justinian in 541 and continued until 750 or 767. At least fifteen to eighteen major waves of plague following the ...
In AD 588 a second major wave of plague spread through the Mediterranean into what is now France. It is estimated that the Plague of Justinian killed as many as 100 million people across the world. [21] [22] It caused Europe's population to drop by around 50% between 541 and 700. [23] It also may have contributed to the success of the Arab ...
A book written by David Keys speculates that the climate changes contributed to various developments, such as the emergence of the Plague of Justinian (541–549), the decline of the Avars, the migration of Mongol tribes towards the west, the end of the Sasanian Empire, the collapse of the Gupta Empire, the rise of Islam, the expansion of ...
1801 Ottoman Empire and Egypt bubonic plague epidemic 1801 Ottoman Empire, Egypt: Bubonic plague: Unknown [125] 1802–1803 Saint-Domingue yellow fever epidemic 1802–1803 Saint-Domingue: Yellow fever: 29,000–55,000 [126] 1812 Russia typhus epidemic 1812 Russia: Typhus: 300,000 [51] 1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic (part of the second ...
The prolonged and escalating Byzantine–Sasanian wars of the 6th and 7th centuries and the recurring outbreaks of bubonic plague (Plague of Justinian) left both empires exhausted and vulnerable in the face of the sudden emergence and expansion of the Arabs.
Justinian was struck by the plague in the early 540s but recovered. Theodora died in 548 [ 40 ] at a relatively young age, possibly of cancer; Justinian outlived her by nearly twenty years. Justinian, who had always had a keen interest in theological matters and actively participated in debates on Christian doctrine, [ 41 ] became even more ...