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The voiced alveolar sibilant affricate [d͡z] is the most common type, similar to the ds in English lads. The voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate [dð̠], or [dð͇] using the alveolar diacritic from the Extended IPA, is found, for example, in some dialects of English and Italian. The voiced alveolar retracted sibilant affricate [d͡z̺]
The voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant affricate [t͡s̺], also called apico-alveolar or grave, has a weak hushing sound reminiscent of retroflex affricates. One language in which it is found is Basque, where it contrasts with a more conventional non-retracted laminal alveolar affricate. This article discusses the first two.
An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal). It is often difficult to decide if a stop and fricative form a single phoneme or a consonant pair. [1] English has two affricate phonemes, /t͜ʃ/ and /d͜ʒ/, often spelled ch and j, respectively.
The voiceless retroflex lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The 'implicit' IPA letter for this sound, ꞎ , [1] is overtly supported by the extIPA. [2] Some scholars [who?] posit a voiceless retroflex lateral approximant distinct from the fricative.
The voiced uvular affricate is a rare type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ɢ͡ʁ and ɢ͜ʁ . The tie bar may be omitted, yielding ɢʁ .
The alveolar ejective affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is t͡sʼ . Features
The voiced retroflex sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is d̠͡ʐ , ʣ̢ sometimes simplified to dʐ or ꭦ , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is dz` .
The voiced epiglottal or pharyngeal trill, or voiced epiglottal fricative, [1] is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ʢ .