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Redlining maps even became prominent under private organizations, such as appraiser J. M. Brewer's 1934 map of Philadelphia. [24] Private organizations created maps designed to meet the requirements of the Federal Housing Administration 's underwriting manual.
The racist attitudes and language found in HOLC appraisal sheets and Residential Security Maps created by the HOLC gave federal support to real-estate practices that helped segregate American housing throughout the 20th century. [17] The effects of redlining, as noted in HOLC maps, endures to the present time.
In 1935, he and another real estate developer created maps for the Home Owners' Loan Corporation which identified neighborhoods in Portland and South Portland which had primarily Irish, Jewish, Italian, or Polish residents. These maps were involved in the process known as redlining. [2]
The neighborhood beautification is part of Williams “Redefining Redlining” project that ... MacArthur grant recipient's latest public work looks at the history of redlining through 100,000 red ...
Redlining, a New Deal-era technique that emerged in the 1930s and soared through the late 1980s, refers to how financial institutions deliberately avoided providing mortgage loans to racial ...
In 1933, the federally created Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) created maps that coded areas as credit-worthy based on the race of their occupants and the age of the housing stock. These maps, adopted by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) in 1944, established and sanctioned "redlining". Residents in predominately minority ...
Segregation is a common tale in American cities — most practiced discrimination in housing loans and urban renewal — but at the same time, every town has its own unique narratives.
Hagstrom also produced the "redlining" maps of New York City in 1938. [9] From 1941 to 2002, all of Hagstrom's New York City maps were based on a single master map that was updated by hand. This produced a number of other visual artifacts; new streets and neighborhoods had to be shoehorned into layouts designed around previously existing features.