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Surgery [a] is a medical specialty that uses manual and instrumental techniques to diagnose or treat pathological conditions (e.g., trauma, disease, injury, malignancy), to alter bodily functions (e.g., malabsorption created by bariatric surgery such as gastric bypass), to reconstruct or alter aesthetics and appearance (cosmetic surgery), or to remove unwanted tissues (body fat, glands, scars ...
Beginning in the 1840s, European surgery began to change dramatically in character with the discovery of effective and practical anesthetic chemicals such as ether, first used by the American surgeon Crawford Long (1815–1878), and chloroform, discovered by James Young Simpson (1811–1870) and later pioneered in England by John Snow (1813 ...
The earliest form of the Royal College of Surgeons was the "Guild of Surgeons Within the City of London" founded in the 14th century. [1] There was dispute between the surgeons and barber surgeons until an agreement was signed between them in 1493, giving the fellowship of surgeons the power of incorporation. [2]
1951 - Roberta Cowell, a former fighter pilot in World War II, undergoes male-to-female confirmation surgery on 16 May; [17] she is the first known trans woman to have undergone gender-affirming surgery the UK. [18] 1955 - Activist Stephen Whittle is born.
Surgery meetings are usually confidential in contrast to town hall meetings, which are open to many people at the same time. One meaning of the word "surgery" in British English is "the time during which a doctor, dentist or vet is available to see patients". [3] The use in politics reflects this meaning.
Plastic surgery is a surgical specialty involving the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be divided into two main categories: reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery. Reconstructive surgery covers a wide range of specialties, including craniofacial surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of ...
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The 19th century ushered in a new-found medical interest in detailed anatomy thanks to an increase in the importance of surgery. [2] In order to study anatomy, human cadavers were needed and thus ushered in the practice of grave robbing. Before 1832, the Murder Act 1752 stipulated that only the corpses of executed murderers could be used for ...