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  2. Encroachment (gridiron football) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encroachment_(gridiron...

    In gridiron football, there are several different rulings for encroachment: In the NFL , encroachment occurs when, before the snap, a defensive player illegally crosses the line of scrimmage and makes contact with an opponent or has a clear path to the quarterback.

  3. Penalty (gridiron football) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_(gridiron_football)

    NFL back judge Lee Dyer retrieves a penalty flag on the field during a game on November 16, 2008 between the San Francisco 49ers and St. Louis Rams.. In gridiron football, a penalty is a sanction assessed against a team for a violation of the rules, called a foul. [1]

  4. Unfair act - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_act

    In American football, an unfair act is a foul that can be called when a player or team commits a flagrant and obviously illegal act that has a major impact on the game, and from which, if additional penalties were not enforced, the offending team would gain an advantage. All of the major American football codes include some form of unfair act rule.

  5. Penalty kick (association football) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association...

    Josef Martínez of Atlanta United FC taking a penalty kick versus the New England Revolution. A penalty kick (commonly known as a penalty or a spot kick) is a method of restarting play in association football, in which a player is allowed to take a single shot at the goal while it is defended only by the opposing team's goalkeeper.

  6. Offside (American football) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offside_(American_football)

    However, a December 1924 meeting of the Football Coaches' Association of America spurred a change of rules for the 1925 season eliminating the provision for an automatic first down, while leaving the five yard penalty intact. [2] The penalty for violation remains five yards at most levels of professional and amateur play.

  7. Illegal procedure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_procedure

    Some penalties are signalled with a generic "illegal procedure" signal. [1] Examples are: False start; Illegal formation; Kickoff or safety kick out of bounds; Player voluntarily going out of bounds and returning to the field of play on a punt; Some examples of similar penalties have their own signals. Examples include: Illegal shift; Illegal ...

  8. Laws of the Game (association football) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game...

    The Laws of the Game are the codified rules of association football.The laws mention the number of players a team should have, the game length, the size of the field and ball, the type and nature of fouls that referees may penalise, the offside law, and many other laws that define the sport.

  9. List of gridiron football rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gridiron_football...

    A standard football game consists of four 15-minute quarters (12-minute quarters in high-school football and often shorter at lower levels, usually one minute per grade [e.g. 9-minute quarters for freshman games]), [6] with a 12-minute half-time intermission (30 minutes in the Super Bowl) after the second quarter in the NFL (college halftimes are 20 minutes; in high school the interval is 15 ...