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  2. Letter frequency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency

    The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...

  3. Duospaced font - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duospaced_font

    A duospaced font (also called a duospace font) is a fixed-width font whose letters and characters occupy either of two integer multiples of a specified, fixed horizontal space. Traditionally, this means either a single or double character width, [ 1 ] although the term has also been applied to fonts using fixed character widths with another ...

  4. List of Unicode characters - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unicode_characters

    &name; where name is the case-sensitive name of the entity. The semicolon is required. Because numbers are harder for humans to remember than names, character entity references are most often written by humans, while numeric character references are most often produced by computer programs. [1]

  5. Ligature (writing) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligature_(writing)

    In writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more graphemes or letters are joined to form a single glyph.Examples are the characters æ and œ used in English and French, in which the letters a and e are joined for the first ligature and the letters o and e are joined for the second ligature.

  6. List of typographic features - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_typographic_features

    Replaces character with random forms (meant to simulate handwriting) Alternate Annotation Forms: nalt: S1,3 Provides user access to circled digits, inverse letters etc. Character Variant 1–99: cv01– cv99: S3 Multiple variants of a single character, which may not apply to many other characters, see references for voluminous documentation

  7. Multiple master fonts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_master_fonts

    The multiple master font format has mostly been superseded by OpenType, which provides more support for different languages and glyphs, but does not offer the unique continuous controls for character shape. Typically the OpenType versions of old multiple master fonts include a selection of the most commonly used combinations of axis positions.

  8. Precomposed character - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precomposed_character

    A precomposed character (alternatively composite character or decomposable character) is a Unicode entity that can also be defined as a sequence of one or more other characters. A precomposed character may typically represent a letter with a diacritical mark , such as é (Latin small letter e with acute accent ).

  9. Glyph - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyph

    For example, the grapheme à requires two glyphs: the basic a and the grave accent `. In general, a diacritic is regarded as a glyph, [2] even if it is contiguous with the rest of the character like a cedilla in French, Catalan or Portuguese, the ogonek in several languages, or the stroke on a Polish "Ł". Although these marks originally had no ...