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Stating that an individual is malingering can cause iatrogenic harm to patients if they are actually not exaggerating or feigning. Such iatrogenic harm may consist in delaying or denying medical attention, therapies, or insurance benefits. In the U.S. military, malingering is a court-martial offense under the Uniform Code of Military Justice.
The BPRS is intended for use on adult psychiatric patients and has been validated for use in elderly populations. [4] [2] A version designed for children called the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale Children was also developed by Overall and Betty Pfefferbaum, with different scale structures and factors. [5]
The following diagnostic systems and rating scales are used in psychiatry and clinical psychology.This list is by no means exhaustive or complete. For instance, in the category of depression, there are over two dozen depression rating scales that have been developed in the past eighty years.
The remaining 79.9% to 86.4% whom those criteria indicate to be malingering are in fact false positives, i.e., non-malingerers erroneously classified as malingerers. Being falsely accused of malingering may cause adverse reactions, some of which lead to violence. Thus, the accurate detection of malingering is a pressing societal issue. [27]
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) is a self-reported personality test which is the most widely used psychological assessment measure in research to detect malingered PTSD, typically by comparing genuine PTSD patients with individuals trained and instructed to fabricate PTSD on the MMPI-2. [23]
Distraction tests: positive tests are rechecked when the patient's attention is distracted, such as a straight leg raise test; Regional disturbances: regional weakness or sensory changes which deviate from accepted neuroanatomy; Overreaction: subjective signs regarding the patient's demeanor and reaction to testing
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Psychotic depression, also known as depressive psychosis, is a major depressive episode that is accompanied by psychotic symptoms. [2] It can occur in the context of bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder . [ 2 ]