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An example of nucleophilic substitution is the hydrolysis of an alkyl bromide, R-Br under basic conditions, where the attacking nucleophile is hydroxyl (OH −) and the leaving group is bromide (Br −). + + Nucleophilic substitution reactions are common in organic chemistry.
A nucleophilic aromatic substitution (S N Ar) is a substitution reaction in organic chemistry in which the nucleophile displaces a good leaving group, such as a halide, on an aromatic ring. Aromatic rings are usually nucleophilic, but some aromatic compounds do undergo nucleophilic substitution.
A second type of transamination reaction can be described as a nucleophilic substitution of one amine or amide anion on an amine or ammonium salt. [1] For example, the attack of a primary amine by a primary amide anion can be used to prepare secondary amines: RNH 2 + R'NH − → RR'NH + NH 2 −
Amine alkylation (amino-dehalogenation) is a type of organic reaction between an alkyl halide and ammonia or an amine. [1] The reaction is called nucleophilic aliphatic substitution (of the halide), and the reaction product is a higher substituted amine. The method is widely used in the laboratory, but less so industrially, where alcohols are ...
This gives an overall effect of substitution, and is the mechanism of the common nucleophilic acyl substitution often seen with esters, amides, and related structures. [ 1 ] Another common type of addition–elimination is the reversible reaction of amines with carbonyls to form imines in the alkylimino-de-oxo-bisubstitution reaction, and the ...
Following the addition elimination mechanism first a nucleophilic NH 2 − is added while a hydride (H −) is leaving. The reaction formally is a nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen S N H. Ciganek describes an example of an intramolecular Chichibabin reaction in which a nitrile group on a fused ring is the source of nitrogen in amination. [2]
The Sandmeyer reaction is an example of a radical-nucleophilic aromatic substitution (S RN Ar). The radical mechanism of the Sandmeyer reaction is supported by the detection of biaryl byproducts. [8]
The reaction mechanism of the Mitsunobu reaction is fairly complex. The identity of intermediates and the roles they play has been the subject of debate. Initially, the triphenyl phosphine (2) makes a nucleophilic attack upon diethyl azodicarboxylate (1) producing a betaine intermediate 3, which deprotonates the carboxylic acid (4) to form the ion pair 5.