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English: Histology of Paneth cells, located at the base of the crypts of the small intestinal mucosa, and displaying merocrine secretion of bright red cytoplasmic granules. H&E stain. - Source for merocrine: Matsubara F (1977). "Morphological study of the Paneth cell. Paneth cells in intestinal metaplasia of the stomach and duodenum of man.".
Paneth cells are found throughout the small intestine and the appendix at the base of the intestinal glands. [2] There is an increase in Paneth cell numbers towards the end of the small intestine. [3] Like the other epithelial cell lineages in the small intestine, Paneth cells originate at the stem cell region near the bottom of the gland. [4]
The nuclei of the cells (located at the outer edges of the cells lining the walls of the crypts) are stained blue-gray with haematoxylin. As seen in panels C and D, crypts are about 75 to about 110 cells long. The average crypt circumference is 23 cells. [8] From the images, an average is shown to be about 1,725 to 2530 cells per colonic crypt.
They blend into the surrounding tissue and are fixed in position (for example, the retroperitoneal section of the duodenum usually passes through the transpyloric plane). The retroperitoneal regions include the oral cavity , esophagus , pylorus of the stomach, distal duodenum , ascending colon , descending colon and anal canal .
Subsets of sensory intestinal epithelial cells synapse with nerves, [9] and are known as neuropod cells. [10] Paneth cells produce antimicrobial peptides such as human alpha-defensin. [11] [12] Microfold cells (commonly referred to as M cells) sample antigens from the lumen and deliver them to the lymphoid tissue associated with the mucosa (MALT).
Required for paneth cell differentiation: 17698607; [61] 17681175 [62] SPDEF: PDEF: Regulates terminal differentiation of goblet cells and Paneth cells: 19786015; [63] 19549527 [64] STK11: LKB1: Required for normal differentiation of goblet and Paneth cells: 19165340 [65] TGFBR2: Tgf-βRII: The critical downstream target of Elf3 for enterocyte ...
Hyperplasia of Brunner glands with a lesion greater than 1 cm was initially described as a Brunner gland adenoma. Several features of these lesions favor their designation as hamartomas, including the lack of encapsulation; the mixture of acini, smooth muscles, adipose tissue, Paneth cells, and mucosal glands; and the lack of any cell atypia ...
The Human Cell Atlas project, which started in 2016, had as one of its goals to "catalog all cell types (for example, immune cells or brain cells) and sub-types in the human body". [13] By 2018, the Human Cell Atlas description based the project on the assumption that "our characterization of the hundreds of types and subtypes of cells in the ...