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Chloroquine retinopathy is a form of toxic retinopathy (damage of the retina) caused by the drugs chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, which are sometimes used in the treatment of autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. This eye toxicity limits long-term use of the drugs. [3]
Hydroxychloroquine, sold under the brand name Plaquenil among others, is a medication used to prevent and treat malaria in areas where malaria remains sensitive to chloroquine. Other uses include treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and porphyria cutanea tarda. It is taken by mouth, often in the form of hydroxychloroquine sulfate. [3]
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are anti-malarial medications also used against some auto-immune diseases. [64] Chloroquine, along with hydroxychloroquine, was an early experimental treatment for COVID-19. [65] Neither drug has been useful to prevent or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Drug-induced pigmentation of the skin may occur as a consequence of drug administration, and the mechanism may be postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in some cases, but frequently is related to actual deposition of the offending drug in the skin. [2]: 125–6 The incidence of this change varies, and depends on the type of medication involved.
One such cocktail – hydroxychloroquine combined with a high dose of zinc (as a sulfate, 220 mg (50 mg elemental Zn) per day for five days, a zinc dose ~4 times higher than the reference daily intake level) [63] and an approved antibiotic, either azithromycin or doxycycline – began in May as a Phase IV trial in New York State. [65]
These lesions may be colored from grey-white to cream-shaded yellow. Other symptoms include scotomata and photopsia. In weeks to a month times the lesions begin to clear and disappear (with prednisone) leaving behind areas of retinal pigment epithelial atrophy and diffuse fine pigmentation (scarring).
Hydroxychloroquine is an antimalarial drug that also reduces the fatigue, mucosal, and cutaneous symptoms, alopecia, disease flares, and blood lipid levels in cSLE. Since it can damage the retina , annual ophthalmology examinations of hydroxychloroquine-takers are needed to assess retinal changes which if present indicate that the drug should ...
Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation develops after the original symptoms of an inflammatory skin condition disappear. Common triggers include acne lesions, cuts, burns, or skin conditions like eczema. [1] Additionally, UV sun exposure and sunburn are involved in the development, darkening, and expansion of hyperpigmented skin lesions. [2]