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String functions are used in computer programming languages to manipulate a string or query information about a string (some do both). Most programming languages that have a string datatype will have some string functions although there may be other low-level ways within each language to handle strings directly. In object-oriented languages ...
The Lamport timestamp algorithm is a simple logical clock algorithm used to determine the order of events in a distributed computer system.As different nodes or processes will typically not be perfectly synchronized, this algorithm is used to provide a partial ordering of events with minimal overhead, and conceptually provide a starting point for the more advanced vector clock method.
Common examples of this type of timestamp are a postmark on a letter or the "in" and "out" times on a time card. With the advent of digital data systems, the term has expanded to refer to digital date and time information attached to digital data.
For example, in the expression (f(x)-1)/(f(x)+1), the function f cannot be called only once with its value used two times since the two calls may return different results. Moreover, in the few languages which define the order of evaluation of the division operator's operands, the value of x must be fetched again before the second call, since ...
Each leap second uses the timestamp of a second that immediately precedes or follows it. [3] On a normal UTC day, which has a duration of 86 400 seconds, the Unix time number changes in a continuous manner across midnight. For example, at the end of the day used in the examples above, the time representations progress as follows:
Command or function Resolution Epoch or range Android: java.lang.System.currentTimeMillis() 1 ms 1 January 1970 BIOS INT 1Ah, AH=00h [1] 54.9254 ms 18.2065 Hz Midnight of the current day INT 1Ah, AH=02h [2] 1 s Midnight of the current day INT 1Ah, AH=04h [3] 1 day 1 January 1980 to 31 December 1999 or 31 December 2079 (system dependent) CP/M Plus
Many computer systems measure time and date using Unix time, an international standard for digital timekeeping.Unix time is defined as the number of seconds elapsed since 00:00:00 UTC on 1 January 1970 (an arbitrarily chosen time based on the creation of the first Unix system), which has been dubbed the Unix epoch.
These timestamps ensure that transactions affect each object in the same sequence of their respective timestamps. Thus, given two operations that affect the same object from different transactions, the operation of the transaction with the earlier timestamp must execute before the operation of the transaction with the later timestamp.