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In microbiology, in vivo is often used to refer to experimentation done in a whole organism, rather than in live isolated cells, for example, cultured cells derived from biopsies. In this situation, the more specific term is ex vivo. Once cells are disrupted and individual parts are tested or analyzed, this is known as in vitro. [citation needed]
It was coined in 1987 as an allusion to the Latin phrases in vivo, in vitro, and in situ, which are commonly used in biology (especially systems biology). The latter phrases refer, respectively, to experiments done in living organisms, outside living organisms, and where they are found in nature.
A list of examples of in vivo transdifferentiation through transfection: [1] mouse hepatocytes → B cells (Pdx1) [2] exocrine cells → B cells (Pdx1, Ngn3, and v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene family protein A) [3] nonsensory cells → inner hair cells (Atoh1 and MathI) [4]
Examples of this include using squid giant axons to understand general principles of nerve transmission, using rattlesnake tail shaker muscles for measurement of in vivo changes in metabolites (because the whole animal can be put in an NMR machine), [6] and the use of ectothermic poikilotherms to study effects of temperature on physiology. 5.
Gross anatomy – study of anatomy at the macroscopic level; Histology – also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Neuroanatomy – the study of the nervous system. Osteology – study of bones. Radiographic anatomy – study of anatomy through radiography
IVIVE in pharmacology can be used to assess pharmacokinetics (PK) or pharmacodynamics (PD).. [citation needed]Since biological perturbation depends on concentration of the toxicant as well as exposure duration of a candidate drug (parent molecule or metabolites) at that target site, in vivo tissue and organ effects can either be completely different or similar to those observed in vitro.
The in vivo bioreactor is a tissue engineering paradigm that uses bioreactor methodology to grow neotissue in vivo that augments or replaces malfunctioning native tissue. . Tissue engineering principles are used to construct a confined, artificial bioreactor space in vivo that hosts a tissue scaffold and key biomolecules necessary for neotissue
Systems biology is the computational and mathematical analysis and modeling of complex biological systems.It is a biology-based interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on complex interactions within biological systems, using a holistic approach (holism instead of the more traditional reductionism) to biological research.