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Relativistic rocket means any spacecraft that travels close enough to light speed for relativistic effects to become significant. The meaning of "significant" is a matter of context, but often a threshold velocity of 30% to 50% of the speed of light (0.3 c to 0.5 c ) is used.
This relation can be thought to represent the non-relativistic decomposition of the electromagnetic 4-vector potential. Indeed, a system of point-particle charges moving slowly with respect to the speed of light may be studied in an expansion in v 2 / c 2 {\displaystyle v^{2}/c^{2}} , where v {\displaystyle v} is a typical velocity and c ...
For a photon rocket the efficiency is too small to be competitive. [12] Other technologies may have better efficiency if the ejection velocity is less than speed of light, or a local field can interact with another large scale field of the same type residing in space, which is the intent of field effect propulsion.
Relativistic and other effects can be incorporated into this approach by adding extra terms to the potential, much as is done for the model hydrogen atom in non-relativistic quantum mechanics. This form was derived from QCD up to O ( Λ QCD 3 r 2 ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(\Lambda _{\text{QCD}}^{3}\,r^{2})} by Sumino (2003). [ 18 ]
The non-relativistic version was found by Hans Bethe in 1930; the relativistic version (shown below) was found by him in 1932. [2] The most probable energy loss differs from the mean energy loss and is described by the Landau-Vavilov distribution. [3]
In nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, an account can be given of the existence of mass and spin (normally explained in Wigner's classification of relativistic mechanics) in terms of the representation theory of the Galilean group, which is the spacetime symmetry group of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics.
Hans Albrecht Bethe (/ ˈ b ɛ θ ə /; German: [ˈhans ˈbeːtə] ⓘ; July 2, 1906 – March 6, 2005) was a German-American physicist who made major contributions to nuclear physics, astrophysics, quantum electrodynamics and solid-state physics, and received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967 for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis.
An antimatter rocket is a proposed class of rockets that use antimatter as their power source. There are several designs that attempt to accomplish this goal. The advantage to this class of rocket is that a large fraction of the rest mass of a matter/antimatter mixture may be converted to energy, allowing antimatter rockets to have a far higher energy density and specific impulse than any ...