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Work hardening, also known as strain hardening, is the process by which a material's load-bearing capacity (strength) increases during plastic (permanent) deformation. This characteristic is what sets ductile materials apart from brittle materials. [1] Work hardening may be desirable, undesirable, or inconsequential, depending on the application.
The strain hardening exponent (also called the strain hardening index), usually denoted , is a measured parameter that quantifies the ability of a material to become stronger due to strain hardening. Strain hardening (work hardening) is the process by which a material's load-bearing capacity increases during plastic (permanent) strain , or ...
Under tensile stress, plastic deformation is characterized by a strain hardening region and a necking region and finally, fracture (also called rupture). During strain hardening the material becomes stronger through the movement of atomic dislocations. The necking phase is indicated by a reduction in cross-sectional area of the specimen.
After the band has passed through the material the deformation proceeds uniformly with positive strain hardening. Sometimes Lüders band transition into the Portevin–Le Chatelier effect while changing the temperature or strain rate, this implies these are related phenomena [4] Lüders bands are known as a strain softening instability. [5]
High strain hardening capacity and high mechanical strength lend these steels excellent energy absorption capacity. TRIP steels also exhibit a strong bake hardening effect. [ 5 ] Bake hardening is an increase in strength observed when work hardening during part formation is followed by a thermal cycle such as paint-baking.
In the last form of the Ramberg–Osgood model, the hardening behavior of the material depends on the material constants and .Due to the power-law relationship between stress and plastic strain, the Ramberg–Osgood model implies that plastic strain is present even for very low levels of stress.