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Microvascular angina (MVA), previously known as cardiac syndrome X, [1] also known as coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) or microvascular coronary disease is a type of angina (chest pain) with signs associated with decreased blood flow to heart tissue but with normal coronary arteries. [2] [3]
Microangiopathy (also known as microvascular disease, small vessel disease (SVD) or microvascular dysfunction) is a disease of the microvessels, small blood vessels in the microcirculation. [1] It can be contrasted to macroangiopathies such as atherosclerosis , where large and medium-sized arteries (e.g., aorta , carotid and coronary arteries ...
It is primarily seen during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the setting of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but has also been observed in other organs, including the brain and kidneys. [1] Coronary no-reflow phenomenon is specifically related to reduced antegrade coronary blood flow despite proximal coronary artery patency.
Cardiovascular MRI is complementary to other imaging techniques, such as echocardiography, cardiac CT, and nuclear medicine. The technique has a key role in evidence-based diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease. [4]
It is commonly used to evaluate patients who have, or are suspected to have, coronary artery disease and is additionally used for myocardial perfusion imaging. [23] The accuracy of the test depends on the technical quality of the study, and interpreting the results requires knowledge of the physics and technical aspects of the procedure.
Cardiac markers are used for the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with chest pain and suspected acute coronary syndrome and for management and prognosis in patients with diseases like acute heart failure. Most of the early markers identified were enzymes, and as a result, the term "cardiac enzymes" is sometimes used. However, not ...
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