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The oldest known multiplication tables were used by the Babylonians about 4000 years ago. [2] However, they used a base of 60. [2] The oldest known tables using a base of 10 are the Chinese decimal multiplication table on bamboo strips dating to about 305 BC, during China's Warring States period. [2] "Table of Pythagoras" on Napier's bones [3]
It requires memorization of the multiplication table for single digits. This is the usual algorithm for multiplying larger numbers by hand in base 10. A person doing long multiplication on paper will write down all the products and then add them together; an abacus-user will sum the products as soon as each one is computed.
This is the "grid" or "boxes" structure which gives the multiplication method its name. Faced with a slightly larger multiplication, such as 34 × 13, pupils may initially be encouraged to also break this into tens. So, expanding 34 as 10 + 10 + 10 + 4 and 13 as 10 + 3, the product 34 × 13 might be represented:
If the fractional part of x is 0.5, choose y randomly between x + 0.5 and x − 0.5, with equal probability. All others are rounded to the closest integer. Like round-half-to-even and round-half-to-odd, this rule is essentially free of overall bias, but it is also fair among even and odd y values. An advantage over alternate tie-breaking is ...
Multiplication can also be thought of as scaling. Here, 2 is being multiplied by 3 using scaling, giving 6 as a result. Animation for the multiplication 2 × 3 = 6 4 × 5 = 20. The large rectangle is made up of 20 squares, each 1 unit by 1 unit. Area of a cloth 4.5m × 2.5m = 11.25m 2; 4 1 / 2 × 2 1 / 2 = 11 1 / 4
Therefore, one would say that multiplication distributes over addition. This basic property of numbers is part of the definition of most algebraic structures that have two operations called addition and multiplication, such as complex numbers, polynomials, matrices, rings, and fields.