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Opioids can cross both the placental and blood-brain barriers, which poses risks to fetuses and newborns exposed to these drugs before birth. This exposure to opioids during pregnancy can lead to potential obstetric complications, including spontaneous abortion, abruption of the placenta, pre-eclampsia, prelabor rupture of membranes, and fetal death.
An equianalgesic chart is a conversion chart that lists equivalent doses of analgesics (drugs used to relieve pain). Equianalgesic charts are used for calculation of an equivalent dose (a dose which would offer an equal amount of analgesia) between different analgesics. [1]
The Alias flip is a very powerful mix between an Elias flip and an Ali flip. The idea is to take substances in this order to maximize the duration of 2C-E with the LSD taken one hour after 2C-E. Alcohol: Benzodiazepine: Time flip Time flipping Alcohol: Caffeine: Caffeinated alcoholic drink: Alcohol: Cannabis: Tincture of cannabis. Herb and Al ...
Opioid use is the main cause of neonatal abstinence syndrome, which is where the baby experiences withdrawals from the opioid they were exposed to during the pregnancy. Typical symptoms may include tremors, convulsions, twitching, excessive crying, poor feeding or sucking, slow weight gain, breathing problems, fever, diarrhea, and vomiting. [ 91 ]
In 2024, a study evaluated the early results of the 2020 American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for managing neonatal opioid withdrawal symptoms. [47] These guidelines proposed using non-pharmacological approaches as first line treatment. [29] The study itself saw a reduction in infant NICU admission and pharmacological treatments. [47]
Internationally benzodiazepines are known to cause harm when used during pregnancy and nitrazepam is a category D drug during pregnancy. Benzodiazepines are lipophilic and rapidly penetrate membranes, so rapidly penetrate the placenta with significant uptake of the drug.
Benzodiazepines can cause death when mixed with other CNS depressants such as opioids, alcohol, or barbiturates. [7] [8] [9] GHB combined with alcohol can lead to a long-lasting coma-like state (‘G-sleep’) or even accidental death, particularly in light of GHB's narrow threshold for overdose. Depressants combined with stimulants. For example:
If used in pregnancy, those benzodiazepines with a better and longer safety record, such as diazepam or chlordiazepoxide, are recommended over potentially more harmful benzodiazepines, such as temazepam [94] or triazolam. Using the lowest effective dose for the shortest period of time minimizes the risks to the unborn child.