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In materials science, hardness (antonym: softness) is a measure of the resistance to localized plastic deformation, such as an indentation (over an area) or a scratch (linear), induced mechanically either by pressing or abrasion.
It has a chemical composition of 6% aluminum, 4% vanadium, 0.25% (maximum) iron, 0.2% (maximum) oxygen, and the remainder titanium. [19] It is significantly stronger than commercially pure titanium (grades 1-4) while having the same stiffness and thermal properties (excluding thermal conductivity, which is about 60% lower in Grade 5 Ti than in ...
Titanium is a common material for backpacking cookware and eating utensils. Though more expensive than traditional steel or aluminium alternatives, titanium products can be significantly lighter without compromising strength. Titanium horseshoes are preferred to steel by farriers because they are lighter and more durable. [115]
Like many other alloys, titanium gold alloys have a higher yield strength, tensile strength, hardness, and magnetism than either of its constituent metals. [ 4 ] In July 2016, researchers led by Emilia Morosan at Rice University discovered that a titanium-gold alloy, β-Ti 3 Au, is an intermetallic alloy that is up to 4 times harder than pure ...
In 2001, a diamond-like-structured c-BC 2 N was synthesized at pressures >18 GPa and temperatures >2,200 K by a direct solid-state phase transition of graphite-like (BN) 0.48 C 0.52. The reported Vickers and Knoop hardnesses were intermediate between diamond and c-BN, making the new phase the second hardest known material. [ 39 ]
Titanium nitride (TiN; sometimes known as tinite) is an extremely hard ceramic material, often used as a physical vapor deposition (PVD) coating on titanium alloys, steel, carbide, and aluminium components to improve the substrate's surface properties.
Hiduminium or R.R. alloys (2% copper, iron, nickel): used in aircraft pistons Hydronalium (up to 12% magnesium, 1% manganese): used in shipbuilding, resists seawater corrosion Italma (3.5% magnesium, 0.3% manganese): formerly used to make coinage of the Italian lira