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Worldwide production of R-22 in 2008 was about 800 Gg per year, up from about 450 Gg per year in 1998, with most production in developing countries. [2] R-22 use is being phased out in developing countries, where it is largely used for air conditioning applications. R-22 is prepared from chloroform: HCCl 3 + 2 HF → HCF 2 Cl + 2 HCl
For example, R-22 has one carbon atom, one hydrogen atom (2−1 = 1), two fluorine atoms, and one chlorine atom (4−2−1 = 1), so it is chlorodifluoromethane, while R-134 has two carbon atoms (2−1 = 1), two hydrogen atoms (3−1 = 2), four fluorine atoms, and no chlorine atoms (6−2−4 = 0), so it is one of the tetrafluoroethanes. This ...
R─N─C (isocyanides) any 2165–2110 R─N═C═S (isothiocyanates) any 2140–1990 C─X: fluoroalkanes: ordinary 1000–1100 trifluoromethyl 1100–1200 two strong, broad bands chloroalkanes: any 540–760 weak to medium bromoalkanes: any 500–600 medium to strong iodoalkanes: any 500 medium to strong N─O nitro compounds: aliphatic ...
[11] [12] In this regard, blends of pure, dry "isobutane" (R-600a) (that is, isobutane mixtures) have negligible ozone depletion potential and very low global warming potential (having a value of 3.3 times the GWP of carbon dioxide) and can serve as a functional replacement for R-12, R-22 (both of these being commonly known by the trademark ...
Each of the phase saturations must be larger than the irreducible saturation, and each phase is assumed continuous within the porous medium. Based on data from special core analysis laboratory (SCAL) experiments, [2] simplified models of relative permeability as a function of saturation (e.g. water saturation) can be constructed. This article ...
Here is a similar formula from the 67th edition of the CRC handbook. Note that the form of this formula as given is a fit to the Clausius–Clapeyron equation, which is a good theoretical starting point for calculating saturation vapor pressures: log 10 (P) = −(0.05223)a/T + b, where P is in mmHg, T is in kelvins, a = 38324, and b = 8.8017.
Gas is breathed at ambient pressure, and some of this gas dissolves into the blood and other fluids. Inert gas continues to be taken up until the gas dissolved in the tissues is in a state of equilibrium with the gas in the lungs (see saturation diving), or the ambient pressure is reduced until the inert gases dissolved in the tissues are at a higher concentration than the equilibrium state ...
IV can be also predicted from near-infrared, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy data using the ratio between the intensities of ν(C=C) and ν(CH 2) bands. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] High resolution proton-NMR provides also fast and reasonably accurate estimation of this parameter.