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R-22 use is being phased out in developing countries, where it is largely used for air conditioning applications. R-22 is prepared from chloroform: HCCl 3 + 2 HF → HCF 2 Cl + 2 HCl. An important application of R-22 is as a precursor to tetrafluoroethylene. This conversion involves pyrolysis to give difluorocarbene, which dimerizes: [3]
For example, R-22 has one carbon atom, one hydrogen atom (2−1 = 1), two fluorine atoms, and one chlorine atom (4−2−1 = 1), so it is chlorodifluoromethane, while R-134 has two carbon atoms (2−1 = 1), two hydrogen atoms (3−1 = 2), four fluorine atoms, and no chlorine atoms (6−2−4 = 0), so it is one of the tetrafluoroethanes. This ...
The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is a comprehensive one-volume reference resource for science research. First published in 1914, it is currently (as of 2024) in its 105th edition, published in 2024.
with is the oil saturation for a zero capillary pressure during the secondary drainage process, is the irreducible water saturation and is the residual non-wetting phase saturation after imbibition. A rock is defined as:
Structure and properties Index of refraction, n D: 1.4459 at 19 °C Abbe number? Dielectric constant, ε r: 4.8069 ε 0 at 20 °C : Bond strength? Bond length [1]: C-Cl 1.75 Å
Chemical Agents Warning Properties Latency Period Initial Symptoms Blister Agents Lewisite Gas: colorless Odor: geraniums Seconds to minutes
Thermodynamic data is usually presented as a table or chart of function values for one mole of a substance (or in the case of the steam tables, one kg). A thermodynamic datafile is a set of equation parameters from which the numerical data values can be calculated. Tables and datafiles are usually presented at a standard pressure of 1 bar or 1 ...
Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. Annotation "(s)" indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid. Otherwise temperature is equilibrium of vapor over liquid. Note that these are all negative temperature values.