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A bond fund's 30-day yield may appear in the fund's "Statement of Additional Information (SAI)" in its prospectus. Because the 30-day yield is a standardized mandatory calculation for all United States bond funds, it serves as a common ground comparison of yield performance. [1]
Bond valuation is the process by which an investor arrives at an estimate of the theoretical fair value, or intrinsic worth, of a bond.As with any security or capital investment, the theoretical fair value of a bond is the present value of the stream of cash flows it is expected to generate.
Par yield is based on the assumption that the security in question has a price equal to par value. [5] When the price is assumed to be par value ($100 in the equation below) and the coupon stream and maturity date are already known, the equation below can be solved for par yield.
The forward rate is the future yield on a bond. ... depends on the rate calculation mode (simple, ... The discount factor formula for period ...
In financial mathematics, the Ho-Lee model is a short-rate model widely used in the pricing of bond options, swaptions and other interest rate derivatives, and in modeling future interest rates. [1]: 381 It was developed in 1986 by Thomas Ho [2] and Sang Bin Lee. [3] Under this model, the short rate follows a normal process:
the length of time over which the bond produces cash flows for the investor (the maturity date of the bond), interest earned on reinvested coupon payments, or reinvestment risk (the uncertainty about the rate at which future cash flows can be reinvested), and; fluctuations in the market price of a bond prior to maturity. [3]
Given: 0.5-year spot rate, Z1 = 4%, and 1-year spot rate, Z2 = 4.3% (we can get these rates from T-Bills which are zero-coupon); and the par rate on a 1.5-year semi-annual coupon bond, R3 = 4.5%. We then use these rates to calculate the 1.5 year spot rate. We solve the 1.5 year spot rate, Z3, by the formula below:
With 20 years remaining to maturity, the price of the bond will be 100/1.07 20, or $25.84. Even though the yield-to-maturity for the remaining life of the bond is just 7%, and the yield-to-maturity bargained for when the bond was purchased was only 10%, the annualized return earned over the first 10 years is 16.25%.