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Third-wave feminism is a feminist movement that began in the early 1990s, [2] prominent in the decades prior to the fourth wave. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Grounded in the civil-rights advances of the second wave , Gen X third-wave feminists born in the 1960s and 1970s embraced diversity and individualism in women, and sought to redefine what it meant to be a ...
Fourth-wave feminism is a feminist movement that began around 2012 [1] and is characterized by a focus on the empowerment of women, [2] the use of internet tools, [3] and intersectionality. [4] The fourth wave seeks greater gender equality by focusing on gendered norms and the marginalization of women in society.
Some parts of third-wave and fourth-wave mainstream feminism has also been accused of being commercialized, [7] and of focusing exclusively on issues that are less contentious in the western world today, such as women's political participation or female education access. Radical feminists sometimes criticize mainstream feminists for not ...
[citation needed] Third-wave feminism seeks to challenge or avoid second-wave "essentialist" definitions of femininity, which over-emphasized the experiences of white, upper-middle-class women. A post-structuralist interpretation of gender and sexuality, or an understanding of gender as outside binary maleness and femaleness, is central to much ...
[4] [86] [87] Fourth-wave feminism can be further defined by its focus on intersectionality and broadening views on gender-identity. [88] [89] Issues that fourth-wave feminists focus on include street and workplace harassment, campus sexual assault and rape culture. Scandals involving the harassment, abuse, and murder of women and girls have ...
Third-wave feminism entered Spain in the 1970s. [1] [22] Like many other western countries, this movement defined feminism as a social, political and cultural movement. [1] Spanish third-wave feminism was the result of high-profile quarrels among leftist women and increasingly involvement of male dominated political organizations.
The rise of the fourth wave in the 2010s led to new discussions on sexual violence, consent and body positivity, as well as a deepening of intersectional perspectives. [37] [38] [39] Simultaneously, feminist philosophy and anthropology saw a rise in new materialist, affect-oriented, posthumanist and ecofeminist perspectives. [40] [41] [42] [43]
[31] [32] [34] Difference feminism offers compatibility with gender-differentiating teachings of many major theologies, although difference feminism, when essentialist, is itself controversial. Christian feminism is a branch of feminist theology which seeks to interpret and understand Christianity in light of the equality of women and men ...