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The Williams diagram is universal in the sense that it is applicable to both premixed and non-premixed combustion. In supersonic combustion and detonations , the diagram becomes three-dimensional due to the addition of the Mach number M a = u ′ / c {\displaystyle Ma=u'/c} as the z-axis, where c {\displaystyle c} is the sound speed .
Michigan O probe with Williams markings (left) and Naber's probe with shades alternating every 3 mm (right). Proper use of the periodontal probe is necessary to maintain accuracy. The tip of the instrument is placed with light pressure of 10-20 grams [ 1 ] into the gingival sulcus , which is an area of potential space between a tooth and the ...
A probe tip is an instrument used in scanning probe microscopes (SPMs) to scan the surface of a sample and make nano-scale images of surfaces and structures. The probe tip is mounted on the end of a cantilever and can be as sharp as a single atom .
Inverse gas chromatography is a physical characterization analytical technique that is used in the analysis of the surfaces of solids. [1]Inverse gas chromatography or IGC is a highly sensitive and versatile gas phase technique developed over 40 years ago to study the surface and bulk properties of particulate and fibrous materials.
Typical passive oscilloscope probe being used to test an integrated circuit. A test probe is a physical device used to connect electronic test equipment to a device under test (DUT). Test probes range from very simple, robust devices to complex probes that are sophisticated, expensive, and fragile.
Most systems use a Ti:Sapph gain medium due to the wide range of wavelengths that it can access. [3] [7] Typically, the same source is used to generate the pump and the probe. An optical parametric oscillator (OPO) is used to convert the probe beam to the desired wavelength. The probe wavelength can be tuned over a large range for spectroscopic ...
Drawing of a Thiele tube with red arrows showing convection current A photograph of a Thiele tube. The oil level is a little low now to compensate for expansion when heating commences. The Thiele tube, named after the German chemist Johannes Thiele, is a laboratory glassware designed to contain and heat an oil bath.
Secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a technique used to analyze the composition of solid surfaces and thin films by sputtering the surface of the specimen with a focused primary ion beam and collecting and analyzing ejected secondary ions.