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Red soils denote the most extensive soil group of India, covering an area of about 350,000 km 2 (10.6% of India's area) across the peninsula. India is rich with red soils in their southern, eastern, and northern regions. There, the soil appears yellow in its hydrated form. [6]
There are seven soil deposits in India. They are alluvial soil, black soil, red soil, laterite soil, or arid soil, and forest and mountainous soil, marsh soil. These soils are formed by various geographical factors. They also have varied chemical properties. Sundarbans mangrove swamps are rich in marsh soil.
Soils in India can be classified into eight categories: alluvial, black, red, laterite, forest, arid and desert, saline and alkaline and peaty and organic soils. [89] [90] Alluvial soil constitute the largest soil group in India, constituting 80% of the total land surface. [90]
Most of the region with igneous basaltic rock consists of black soil. These soils have a high clay content, retain moisture and are resistant to erosion, but develop cracks during the dry season. The gneiss peneplain region in the low rainfall areas in the eastern vicinity of the Western Ghats consist of infertile red soil. [32] [37]
The region consists of fertile red and black soil interspersed with gneiss and sandstone rock formations formed during the paleogene and neogene eras. The sands in the beaches consists of small granites and zircon. The vegetation consists of littoral forests on the coasts and tropical moist deciduous forests inland. [3]
Laterite in Sơn Tây, Hanoi, Vietnam. Francis Buchanan-Hamilton first described and named a laterite formation in southern India in 1807. [4]: 65 He named it laterite from the Latin word later, which means a brick; this highly compacted and cemented soil can easily be cut into brick-shaped blocks for building.
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The region is about 50–100 m above sea level, and is believed to consist of soil from the Deccan plateau. The area is formed by the silt brought by the tributaries of the Bhagirathi, Mayurakshi River, Ajay River, Damodar, and Rupnarayan rivers, which flow through the red laterite soil of the western plateau region.