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Spin is described mathematically as a vector for some particles such as photons, and as a spinor or bispinor for other particles such as electrons. Spinors and bispinors behave similarly to vectors: they have definite magnitudes and change under rotations; however, they use an unconventional "direction". All elementary particles of a given kind ...
Spin states relate to chemical and biochemical reaction mechanisms because bonds can be formed only between two electrons of opposite spin (Hund's rules). Sometimes when a bond is broken in a particular manner, for example, when struck by photons, each electron in the bond relocates to each respective molecule, and a radical-pair is formed.
A lightning discharge consists primarily of a flow of electrons. [130] The electric potential needed for lightning can be generated by a triboelectric effect. [131] [132] If a body has more or fewer electrons than are required to balance the positive charge of the nuclei, then that object has a net electric charge.
Electrons in solids have a chemical potential, defined the same way as the chemical potential of a chemical species: The change in free energy when electrons are added or removed from the system. In the case of electrons, the chemical potential is usually expressed in energy per particle rather than energy per mole, and the energy per particle ...
By contrast, an isolated Ni atom (electron configuration = 3d 8 4s 2) in a cubic crystal field will have two unpaired electrons of the same spin (hence, =) and would thus be expected to have in the localized electron model a total spin magnetic moment of = (but the measured spin-only magnetic moment along one axis, the physical observable, will ...
Wet electrons are characterized by their intermediate energy state, which is above the ground state energy of water but below the energy level of a free electron. This state is highly reactive due to its excess energy, making wet electrons potent reducing agents capable of engaging in various chemical reactions.
The spin magnetic moment of the electron is =, where is the spin (or intrinsic angular-momentum) vector, is the Bohr magneton, and = is the electron-spin g-factor. Here μ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mu }}} is a negative constant multiplied by the spin , so the spin magnetic moment is antiparallel to the spin.
A pair of electrons in a spin singlet state has S = 0, and a pair in the triplet state has S = 1, with m S = −1, 0, or +1. Nuclear-spin quantum numbers are conventionally written I for spin, and m I or M I for the z-axis component. The name "spin" comes from a geometrical spinning of the electron about an axis, as proposed by Uhlenbeck and ...