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In economics, the Gini coefficient (/ ˈ dʒ iː n i / JEE-nee), also known as the Gini index or Gini ratio, is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income inequality, the wealth inequality, or the consumption inequality [2] within a nation or a social group. It was developed by Italian statistician and sociologist ...
Income from black market economic activity is not included. The Gini coefficient is a number between 0 and 1 or 100, where 0 represents perfect equality (everyone has the same income), while an index of 1 or 100 implies perfect inequality (one person has all the income and everyone else has no income).
The range of the Gini index is between 0 and 1 (0% and 100%), where 0 indicates perfect equality and 1 (100%) indicates maximum inequality. The Gini index is the most frequently used inequality index. The reason for its popularity is that it is easy to understand how to compute the Gini index as a ratio of two areas in Lorenz curve diagrams ...
The terms of trade for the other country must be the reciprocal (100/50 = 2). When this number is falling, the country is said to have "deteriorating terms of trade". If multiplied by 100, these calculations can be expressed as a percentage (50% and 200% respectively). If a country's terms of trade fall from say 100% to 70% (from 1.0 to 0.7 ...
While economic globalization has been in expanding since the emergence of trans-national trade, it has grown at an increased rate due to improvements in the efficiency of long-distance transportation, advances in telecommunication, the importance of information rather than physical capital in the modern economy, and by developments in science ...
The poverty rate declined from 22.23% in 2000 to 12.38% in 2010. [23] Moreover, the Gini coefficient declined from 0.60 to 0.446. [24] According to the Bolivian Institute of Foreign Trade, Bolivia had the lowest accumulated inflation of Latin America by October 2021. [25] [26] [27]
In 2003, the divisions reverted to the less than one year and more than one year categories until 2011 when then reverted to the three divisions first implemented in 1998. This rate, 20%, remained until 2003 when it was further reduced to 15%. The 15% long-term capital gains tax rate was then changed back to its 1997 rate of 20% in 2011. [17]
In economics, gains from trade are the net benefits to economic agents from being allowed an increase in voluntary trading with each other. In technical terms, they are the increase of consumer surplus [ 1 ] plus producer surplus [ 2 ] from lower tariffs [ 3 ] or otherwise liberalizing trade .