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Solar-cell efficiency is the portion of energy in the form of sunlight that can be converted via photovoltaics into electricity by the solar cell. The efficiency of the solar cells used in a photovoltaic system , in combination with latitude and climate, determines the annual energy output of the system.
A solar thermal collector collects heat by absorbing sunlight. The term "solar collector" commonly refers to a device for solar hot water heating, but may refer to large power generating installations such as solar parabolic troughs and solar towers or non-water heating devices such as solar cookers or solar air heaters. [1]
In Europe, since the mid-1990s about 125 large solar-thermal district heating plants have been constructed, each with over 500 m 2 (5400 ft 2) of solar collectors. The largest are about 10,000 m 2 (2.5 acres), with capacities of 7 MW-thermal and solar heat costs around 4 Eurocents/kWh without subsidies.
The solar power facility under construction in August 2013. The Ivanpah Solar power project was built on 6 square miles (16 km 2) of public land in the south central Mojave Desert. [66] Project construction was temporarily halted in the spring of 2011 due to the suspected impacts on desert tortoises. [67]
The efficiency of a solar thermal system is reliant on several energy conversion steps, which are in turn governed by the effectiveness of the heat transfer processes. While higher conversion efficiency of solar to thermal energy is possible, the key components that need to be improved are the solar collector.
The solar energy to electrical power conversion efficiency is the product of several factors: the fraction of solar energy captured (accounting for optical losses in the solar concentration system), the heating efficiency (accounting for thermal losses in the element receiving the solar energy), and the thermal conversion efficiency (the ...