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It was originally defined as the rate of heat transfer that results in the freezing or melting of 1 short ton (2,000 lb; 907 kg) of pure ice at 0 °C (32 °F) in 24 hours. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The modern definition is exactly 12,000 Btu IT /h (3.516853 kW ).
Capital expenditures are minimized because the chillers can be just 40 - 50% of the size needed for a conventional design. Ice storage sufficient to store half a day's rejected heat is usually adequate. A full storage system minimizes the cost of energy to run that system by entirely shutting off the chillers during peak load hours.
Air-conditioner sizes are often given as "tons" of cooling, where 1 ton of cooling equals 12,000 BTU/h (3.5 kW). 1 ton of cooling equals the amount of power that needs to be applied continuously over a 24-hour period to melt 1 ton of ice. The annual cost of electric energy consumed by an air conditioner may be calculated as follows:
The use of utility supplied chilled water is most cost effective when it is designed into the building's infrastructure or when chiller/cooling tower equipment must be replaced. Commercial customers often lower their air conditioning costs from 10 to 20% by purchasing chilled water.
The COP of absorption chillers can be improved by adding a second or third stage. Double and triple effect chillers are significantly more efficient than single effect chillers, and can surpass a COP of 1. They require higher pressure and higher temperature steam, but this is still a relatively small 10 pounds of steam per hour per ton of cooling.
A liquid (glycol based) chiller with an air cooled condenser on the rooftop of a medium size commercial building. In air conditioning systems, chilled coolant, usually chilled water mixed with ethylene glycol, from a chiller in an air conditioning or cooling plant is typically distributed to heat exchangers, or coils, in air handlers or other types of terminal devices which cool the air in ...
Chillers in a district cooling at University of Rochester in Rochester, New York. District cooling is the cooling equivalent of district heating.Working on principles broadly similar to district heating, district cooling delivers chilled water to buildings like offices and factories.
The heat source is usually leftover steam coming from combined cycle, and it is bypassed to drive the cooling system. Compared to mechanical chillers, absorption chillers have a low coefficient of performance, however, it should be taken into consideration that this chiller usually uses waste heat, which decreases the operational cost. [19]