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Ketogenesis is the biochemical process through which organisms produce ketone bodies by breaking down fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The process supplies energy to certain organs, particularly the brain , heart and skeletal muscle , under specific scenarios including fasting , caloric restriction , sleep, [ 3 ] or others.
In organic chemistry, a ketone / ˈ k iː t oʊ n / is an organic compound with the structure R−C(=O)−R', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents. Ketones contain a carbonyl group −C(=O)− (a carbon-oxygen double bond C=O). The simplest ketone is acetone (where R and R' is methyl), with the formula (CH 3) 2 CO ...
The ketones are released by the liver into the blood. All cells with mitochondria can take up ketones from the blood and reconvert them into acetyl-CoA, which can then be used as fuel in their citric acid cycles, as no other tissue can divert its oxaloacetate into the gluconeogenic pathway in the way that this can occur in the liver.
Physiological ketosis is the non-pathological (normal functioning) elevation of ketone bodies that can result from any state of increased fatty acid oxidation including fasting, prolonged exercise, or very low-carbohydrate diets such as the ketogenic diet. [5] In physiological ketosis, serum ketone levels generally remain below 3 mM. [1]
These ketone bodies enter the brain and partially substitute for blood glucose as a source of energy. [59] The ketone bodies are possibly anticonvulsant; in animal models, acetoacetate and acetone protect against seizures. The ketogenic diet results in adaptive changes to brain energy metabolism that increase the energy reserves; ketone bodies ...
Ketone bodies are transported from the liver to other tissues, where acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate can be reconverted to acetyl-CoA to produce reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH 2), via the citric acid cycle. Though it is the source of ketone bodies, the liver cannot use them for energy because it lacks the enzyme thiophorase (β ...
The ketone group is the double-bonded oxygen. In organic chemistry, a ketose is a monosaccharide containing one ketone (>C=O) group per molecule. [1] [2] The simplest ketose is dihydroxyacetone ((CH 2 OH) 2 C=O), which has only three carbon atoms. It is the only ketose with no optical activity.
There are three main kinds of food with this name: foods based on curdled milk products like yogurt or cheese are within the realm of dairy products. Kaymak: Turkey: A creamy dairy product, similar to clotted cream. It is made from the milk of water buffalos or of cows. Kefir: Caucasus