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Pioneer 11 (also known as Pioneer G) is a NASA robotic space probe launched on April 5, 1973, to study the asteroid belt, the environment around Jupiter and Saturn, the solar wind, and cosmic rays. [2] It was the first probe to encounter Saturn, the second to fly through the asteroid belt, and the second to fly by Jupiter.
The Pioneer programs were two series of United States lunar and planetary space probes.The first program, which ran from 1958 to 1960, unsuccessfully attempted to send spacecraft to orbit the Moon, successfully sent one spacecraft to fly by the Moon, and successfully sent one spacecraft to investigate interplanetary space between the orbits of Earth and Venus.
Status Notes Image Ref Pioneer 10: NASA: success Left Jupiter in December 1973. Mission ended March 1997. Last contact 23 January 2003. Craft now presumed to lack sufficient power for antenna. 1972-012A: Pioneer 11: NASA: success Left Saturn in September 1979. Last contact September 1995. The craft's antenna cannot be maneuvered to point to Earth.
The Pioneer anomaly, or Pioneer effect, was the observed deviation from predicted accelerations of the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft after they passed about 20 astronomical units (3 × 10 9 km; 2 × 10 9 mi) on their trajectories out of the Solar System.
As of 2024, there are five interstellar probes, all launched by the American space agency NASA: Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11 and New Horizons. Also as of 2024, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 are the only probes to have actually reached interstellar space. [1] The other three are on interstellar trajectories.
It overtook Pioneer 11 in 1981, [13] and then Pioneer 10—becoming the probe farthest from the Sun—on February 17, 1998. [14] Voyager 2 is moving faster than all other probes launched before it; it overtook Pioneer 11 in the late 1980s and then Pioneer 10 — becoming the second-farthest spacecraft from the Sun — on July 18, 2023. [15] [16]
The Pioneer program was a series of NASA uncrewed space missions designed for planetary exploration. There were a number of missions in the program, most notably Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11, which explored the outer planets and left the Solar System.
Approved by NASA in February 1969, [10] the twin spacecraft were designated Pioneer F and Pioneer G before launch; later, they were named Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 respectively. They formed part of the Pioneer program, [11] a series of United States uncrewed space missions launched between 1958 and 1978. This model was the first in the series ...