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In quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital (/ ˈ ɔːr b ɪ t ə l / ⓘ) is a function describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom. [1] This function describes an electron's charge distribution around the atom's nucleus, and can be used to calculate the probability of finding an electron in a specific region around ...
Probability densities for the first few hydrogen atom orbitals, seen in cross-section. The energy level of a bound electron determines the orbital it occupies, and the color reflects the probability of finding the electron at a given position. An electron can be bound to the nucleus of an atom by the attractive Coulomb force. A system of one or ...
In each term of an electron configuration, n is the positive integer that precedes each orbital letter (helium's electron configuration is 1s 2, therefore n = 1, and the orbital contains two electrons). An atom's nth electron shell can accommodate 2n 2 electrons. For example, the first shell can accommodate two electrons, the second shell eight ...
The Bohr radius ( ) is a physical constant, approximately equal to the most probable distance between the nucleus and the electron in a hydrogen atom in its ground state. It is named after Niels Bohr, due to its role in the Bohr model of an atom. Its value is 5.291 772 105 44 (82) × 10 −11 m. [1] [2]
Electron density or electronic density is the measure of the probability of an electron being present at an infinitesimal element of space surrounding any given point. It is a scalar quantity depending upon three spatial variables and is typically denoted as either ρ ( r ) {\displaystyle \rho ({\textbf {r}})} or n ( r ) {\displaystyle n ...
In chemistry, a molecular orbital (/ ɒr b ə d l /) is a mathematical function describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in a molecule. This function can be used to calculate chemical and physical properties such as the probability of finding an electron in any specific region.
Electron localization function of the krypton atom at the Hartree–Fock / cc-pV5Z level of theory. Also shown is the radial density , 4π r 2 ρ ( r ), scaled by a factor of 0.0375. In quantum chemistry , the electron localization function ( ELF ) is a measure of the likelihood of finding an electron in the neighborhood space of a reference ...
In this, the wave function is a spinor represented by four complex-valued components: [20] two for the electron and two for the electron's antiparticle, the positron. In the non-relativistic limit, the Dirac wave function resembles the Pauli wave function for the electron. Later, other relativistic wave equations were found.