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Quartz clocks and quartz watches are timepieces that use an electronic oscillator regulated by a quartz crystal to keep time. This crystal oscillator creates a signal with very precise frequency, so that quartz clocks and watches are at least an order of magnitude more accurate than mechanical clocks.
In 1928, Warren Marrison of Bell Laboratories developed the first quartz-crystal clock. With accuracies of up to 1 second in 30 years (30 ms/y, or 0.95 ns/s), [8] quartz clocks replaced precision pendulum clocks as the world's most accurate timekeepers until atomic clocks were developed in the 1950s. Using the early work at Bell Laboratories ...
Real-time clock, quartz watches and clocks; also the DCF77 frequency 0.100000 10 5 allows decade division to 1 Hz and 1 kHz. Real-time clock, quartz watches and clocks, DMM dual slope ADCs (suppresses 50 Hz noise) 0.120000 DMM dual slope ADCs (suppresses 60 Hz noise) 0.131072 2 17 allows binary division to 1 Hz and 32.768 kHz.
The most accurate pendulum clocks were controlled electrically. [166] The Shortt–Synchronome clock, an electrical driven pendulum clock designed in 1921, was the first clock to be a more accurate timekeeper than the Earth itself. [167] A succession of innovations and discoveries led to the invention of the modern quartz timer.
Calling a clock the most accurate ever may sound like hyperbole, but physicists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder, Colorado have built a pair of devices that can ...
Although it was less accurate than existing quartz clocks, it served to demonstrate the concept. [74] [75] [76] The first accurate atomic clock, a caesium standard based on a certain transition of the caesium-133 atom, was built by Louis Essen in 1955 at the National Physical Laboratory in the UK. [77]
The accuracy of mechanical, electromechanical and quartz clocks is reduced by temperature fluctuations. This led to the idea of measuring the frequency of an atom's vibrations to keep time much more accurately, as proposed by James Clerk Maxwell, Lord Kelvin , and Isidor Rabi. [ 10 ]
These quartz chronometers are not always the most accurate quartz clocks when no signal is received, and their signals can be lost or blocked. However, there are autonomous quartz movements, even in wrist watches, that are accurate to within 5 or 20 seconds per year. [46] At least one quartz chronometer made for advanced navigation utilizes ...