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The CCS grading system for angina is, in part, used to evaluate fitness to fly by the British Cardiovascular Society.They recommend no action by class I and II patients with stable angina, class III should consider mobility assistance from airport staff and in-flight supplemental oxygen therapy, and that class IV patients should ideally defer their travel plans or travel with a medical ...
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a syndrome due to decreased blood flow in the coronary arteries such that part of the heart muscle is unable to function properly or dies. [1] The most common symptom is centrally located pressure-like chest pain, often radiating to the left shoulder [2] or angle of the jaw, and associated with nausea and sweating.
Information card published by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute urging people with symptoms of angina to call the emergency medical services.. Because of the relationship between the duration of myocardial ischemia and the extent of damage to heart muscle, public health services encourage people experiencing possible acute coronary syndrome symptoms or those around them to ...
Also known as 'effort angina', this refers to the classic type of angina related to myocardial ischemia.A typical presentation of stable angina is that of chest discomfort and associated symptoms precipitated by some activity (running, walking, etc.) with minimal or non-existent symptoms at rest or after administration of sublingual nitroglycerin. [11]
The first investigation when CAD is suspected is an electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG), both for stable angina and acute coronary syndrome. An X-ray of the chest, blood tests and resting echocardiography may be performed. [73] [74] For stable symptomatic patients, several non-invasive tests can diagnose CAD depending on pre-assessment of the risk profile.
A key symptom of coronary ischemia is chest pain or pressure, known as angina pectoris. [4] Angina may present typically with classic symptoms or atypically with symptoms less often associated with heart disease. [19] Atypical presentations are more common in women, diabetics, and elderly individuals. [8] Angina may be stable or unstable.
In a parallel vein, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines for stable angina management consider cost-effectiveness in their recommendations, designating terms such as first-line and second-line therapy. Notably, both sets of guidelines advocate for the use of low-dose aspirin and statins as disease-modifying ...
Variant angina is caused by vasospasm, a narrowing of the coronary arteries due to contraction of the heart's smooth muscle tissue in the vessel walls. [3] In comparison, stable angina is caused by the permanent occlusion of these vessels by atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of fatty plaque and hardening of the arteries. [4]