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This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 24 January 2025. Scottish economist and philosopher (1723–1790) This article is about the Scottish economist and philosopher. For other people named Adam Smith, see Adam Smith (disambiguation). Adam Smith FRS FRSE FRSA Posthumous Muir portrait, c. 1800 Born c. 16 June [O.S. c. 5 June] 1723 Kirkcaldy ...
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith (1723–1790).
The royal forests continued to diminish in size and decline in economic importance in the years after the Black Death. Royal enforcement of forest rights and laws became harder after 1348 and certainly after 1381, and by the 15th century the royal forests were a "shadow of their former selves" in size and economic significance. [195]
The 1st Earl of Bolingbroke, a seventeenth-century English aristocrat and politician. Aristocracy (from Ancient Greek ἀριστοκρατίᾱ ( aristokratíā ) 'rule of the best'; from ἄριστος ( áristos ) 'best' and κράτος ( krátos ) 'power, strength') is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small ...
Edler is a minor aristocrat in Germany and Austria during those countries' respective imperial periods. Jonkheer is an honorific for members of the Dutch nobility who do not currently hold a title. An untitled noblewoman is styled Jonkvrouw , though the wife of a Jonkheer is a Mevrouw or, sometimes, Freule , which could also be used by ...
In addition to the loss of their own members, about two thirds of the population were killed by the plague, and the reduction in available manpower for agriculture caused an economic crisis. The aristocracy was reduced from about 600 families or 3,600 people before 1350 to about 200 families or 1,000 people in 1450.
At the center of their proposals there was precisely the social and political recovery of the poorest parts of the Venetian nobility, done through the assignment of dowries to the young patricians, especially the poor ones, increase in the salaries of the Forty and other Colleges, granting of donations for some prestigious political positions ...
Low taxes helped the Roman aristocracy increase their wealth, which equalled or exceeded the revenues of the central government. An emperor sometimes replenished his treasury by confiscating the estates of the "super-rich", but in the later period, the resistance of the wealthy to paying taxes was one of the factors contributing to the collapse ...