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  2. Mutation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation

    In contrast to a DNA damage, a mutation is an alteration of the base sequence of the DNA. Ordinarily, a mutation cannot be recognized by enzymes once the base change is present in both DNA strands, and thus a mutation is not ordinarily repaired. At the cellular level, mutations can alter protein function and regulation.

  3. Point mutation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_mutation

    A point mutation is a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a DNA or RNA sequence of an organism's genome. [1] Point mutations have a variety of effects on the downstream protein product—consequences that are moderately predictable based upon the specifics of the mutation.

  4. Insertion (genetics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insertion_(genetics)

    In genetics, an insertion (also called an insertion mutation) is the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence. This can often happen in microsatellite regions due to the DNA polymerase slipping. Insertions can be anywhere in size from one base pair incorrectly inserted into a DNA sequence to a section of one chromosome ...

  5. DNA sequencing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing

    DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the ... Single-nucleotide mutations in a fragment can be more easily detected with MS than ...

  6. Missense mutation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missense_mutation

    Missense mutation is a type of nonsynonymous substitution in a DNA sequence. Two other types of nonsynonymous substitution are the nonsense mutations , in which a codon is changed to a premature stop codon that results in truncation of the resulting protein , and the nonstop mutations , in which a stop codon erasement results in a longer ...

  7. Infinite sites model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_sites_model

    Like other mutation models, the ISM provides a basis for understanding how mutation develops new alleles in DNA sequences. Using allele frequencies, it allows for the calculation of heterozygosity, or genetic diversity, in a finite population and for the estimation of genetic distances between populations of interest.

  8. Site-directed mutagenesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-directed_mutagenesis

    Site-directed mutagenesis is used to generate mutations that may produce a rationally designed protein that has improved or special properties (i.e.protein engineering). Investigative tools – specific mutations in DNA allow the function and properties of a DNA sequence or a protein to be investigated in a rational approach. Furthermore ...

  9. Deletion (genetics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deletion_(genetics)

    In genetics, a deletion (also called gene deletion, deficiency, or deletion mutation) (sign: Δ) is a mutation (a genetic aberration) in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is left out during DNA replication. Any number of nucleotides can be deleted, from a single base to an entire piece of chromosome. [1]