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In electronics, the Zener effect (employed most notably in the appropriately named Zener diode) is a type of electrical breakdown, discovered by Clarence Melvin Zener. It occurs in a reverse biased p-n diode when the electric field enables tunneling of electrons from the valence to the conduction band of a semiconductor , leading to numerous ...
All electrical systems have some amount of resistance between the regulator output and the load. At high currents, even a small resistance results in substantial voltage drop between the regulator and the load. Conversely, when the output current is (near) zero, the voltage at the load is higher.
A subsurface Zener diode, also called a buried Zener, is a device similar to the surface Zener, but the doping and design is such that the avalanche region is located deeper in the structure, typically several micrometers below the oxide. Hot carriers then lose energy by collisions with the semiconductor lattice before reaching the oxide layer ...
Breakdown voltage is a characteristic of an insulator that defines the maximum voltage difference that can be applied across the material before the insulator conducts. In solid insulating materials, this usually [citation needed] creates a weakened path within the material by creating permanent molecular or physical changes by the sudden current.
The horizontal axis represents the voltage drop, the vertical axis the current. All four plots use the passive sign convention . A current–voltage characteristic or I–V curve (current–voltage curve) is a relationship, typically represented as a chart or graph, between the electric current through a circuit, device, or material, and the ...
Its operation is similar to that of the DIAC, but a SIDAC is always a five-layer device with low-voltage drop in latched conducting state, more like a voltage triggered TRIAC without a gate. In general, SIDACs have higher breakover voltages and current handling capacities than DIACs, so they can be directly used for switching and not just for ...
Three 1N4148 diodes in glass DO-35 axial package. The black band on the right is the cathode side. Diode schematic symbol vs cathode marking on the package.. The 1N4148 is a standard silicon switching signal diode.
The half-power point is the point at which the output power has dropped to half of its peak value; that is, at a level of approximately −3 dB. [ 1 ] [ a ] In filters , optical filters , and electronic amplifiers , [ 2 ] the half-power point is also known as half-power bandwidth and is a commonly used definition for the cutoff frequency .