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In cell biology, a phagosome is a vesicle formed around a particle engulfed by a phagocyte via phagocytosis. Professional phagocytes include macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells (DCs). [1] A phagosome is formed by the fusion of the cell membrane around a microorganism, a senescent cell or an apoptotic cell.
Phagocytosis (from Ancient Greek φαγεῖν (phagein) 'to eat' and κύτος (kytos) 'cell') is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle (≥ 0.5 μm), giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome. It is one type of endocytosis. A cell that performs phagocytosis is called a phagocyte.
These include cytolysins, which form pores in the phagocyte's cell membranes, streptolysins and leukocidins, which cause neutrophils' granules to rupture and release toxic substances, [122] [123] and exotoxins that reduce the supply of a phagocyte's ATP, needed for phagocytosis. After a bacterium is ingested, it may kill the phagocyte by ...
The secondary cell wall, a thick layer formed inside the primary cell wall after the cell is fully grown. It is not found in all cell types. It is not found in all cell types. Some cells, such as the conducting cells in xylem , possess a secondary wall containing lignin , which strengthens and waterproofs the wall.
The cytoplasm, the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall are subcellular localizations, whereas the extracellular environment is clearly not. Most Gram-negative bacteria also contain an outer membrane and periplasmic space. Unlike eukaryotes, most bacteria contain no membrane-bound organelles, however there are some exceptions (i.e. magnetosomes).
They are phagocytic, and the respiratory burst is vital for the subsequent degradation of internalised bacteria or other pathogens. This is an important aspect of the innate immunity . Respiratory burst requires a 10 to 20 fold increase in oxygen consumption through NADPH oxidase ( NOX2 in humans) activity.
The phagocytes interact with the dying cells through the presenting eat-me signals through specific eat-me signal receptors on the phagocytic cell. [23] The phagocyte will engulf the eat-me signal presenting cell through induced signaling of engulfment receptors and by the reorganization of the phagocytic cell's cytoskeleton. [24] The ...
[59] [60] [61] These early-invading, phagocytic macrophages reach their highest concentration about 24 hours following the onset of some form of muscle cell injury or reloading. [62] Their concentration rapidly declines after 48 hours. [60] The second group is the non-phagocytic types that are distributed near regenerative fibers.