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Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF, hef-REF) is a form of heart failure in which the ejection fraction is reduced. [1] This is defined as a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 40% or less. About half of heart failure patients have a reduced ejection fraction. [2]
Left-sided heart failure may be present with a reduced ejection fraction or with a preserved ejection fraction. [10] Heart failure is not the same as cardiac arrest, in which blood flow stops completely due to the failure of the heart to pump. [12] [13] Diagnosis is based on symptoms, physical findings, and echocardiography. [6]
A heart which cannot pump sufficient blood to meet the body's requirements (i.e., heart failure) will often, but not invariably, have a reduced ventricular ejection fraction. [6] In heart failure, the difference between heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction, and heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction, is significant, because ...
Heart failure is categorized by a measurement known as ejection fraction. Ejection fraction is the amount of blood that the left ventricle of your heart pumps out each time it contracts.
Heart failure, particularly with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Aldosterone, a hormone that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion, plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of heart failure by contributing to fluid overload, myocardial fibrosis, and vascular damage.
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a form of heart failure in which the ejection fraction – the percentage of the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat divided by the volume of blood when the left ventricle is maximally filled – is normal, defined as greater than 50%; [1] this may be measured by echocardiography or cardiac catheterization.
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