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Loperamide has limited data on the impact it has on pregnancy, but there is an association with cardiovascular malformation in the first trimester. [14] [12] Atropine/diphenoxylate currently has insufficient evidence of teratogenicity in humans, but trials with animals showed evidence of teratogenic effects. [14]
Omeprazole was first made in 1979 by Swedish AB Hässle, part of Astra AB. It was the first of the proton pump inhibitors (PPI). [62] [63] Astra AB, now AstraZeneca, launched it as an ulcer medicine under the name Losec in Sweden. It was first sold in the United States in 1989 under the brand name Losec.
The pregnancy category of a medication is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, ... at least in the first trimester. Group 8
Misoprostol is used for the prevention of NSAID-induced gastric ulcers.It acts upon gastric parietal cells, inhibiting the secretion of gastric acid by G-protein coupled receptor-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase, which leads to decreased intracellular cyclic AMP levels and decreased proton pump activity at the apical surface of the parietal cell.
Most of these medications are benzimidazole derivatives, related to omeprazole, but imidazopyridine derivatives such as tenatoprazole have also been developed. [77] Potassium-competitive inhibitors such as revaprazan reversibly block the potassium-binding site of the proton pump, acting more quickly, but are not available in most countries.
Signs and symptoms of pregnancy typically change as pregnancy progresses, although several symptoms may be present throughout. Depending on severity, common symptoms in pregnancy can develop into complications. [1] Pregnancy symptoms may be categorized based on trimester as well as region of the body affected.
A derivative of timoprazole, omeprazole, was discovered in 1979, and was the first of a new class of drug that control acid secretion in the stomach, a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). [11] [12] Addition of 5-methoxy-substitution to the benzimidazole moiety of omeprazole was also made and gave the compound much more stability at neutral pH. [6]
Use in pregnancy appears to be safe, while safety during breastfeeding is unclear. [3] Esomeprazole is the (S)-(−)-enantiomer (or less specifically the S-isomer) of omeprazole. [11] It works by blocking H + /K +-ATPase in the parietal cells of the stomach. [11] It was patented in 1993 and approved for medical use in 2000. [14]