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a normally elevated AFP in the fetus or woman (some people naturally have very high AFP) Usual follow-up steps include (1) a prenatal ultrasound exam to look for fetal abnormalities and/or (2) measurement of AFP in amniotic fluid obtained via amniocentesis. Maternal serum AFP (MSAFP) varies by orders of magnitude during the course of a normal ...
Fetal abnormalities are conditions that affect a fetus or embryo, are able to be diagnosed prenatally, and may be fatal or cause disease after birth. They may include aneuploidies, structural abnormalities, or neoplasms. Acardiac twin; Achondrogenesis; Achondroplasia
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP, α-fetoprotein; also sometimes called alpha-1-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoglobulin, or alpha fetal protein) is a protein [5] [6] that in humans is encoded by the AFP gene. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The AFP gene is located on the q arm of chromosome 4 (4q13.3). [ 9 ]
Fetal hemoglobin can also be found in the cord blood of the umbilical cord. The higher oxygen affinity allows more oxygen to transfer from the pregnant person to the fetus more efficiently. Common blood disorders with high levels of fetal hemoglobin show symptoms like anemia. [3] Fetal Troponin T is a cardiac protein found in adults and infants ...
Fetal heart rate is continuously monitored for slow or abnormal heart rate patterns which may indicate fetal distress during labor. [7] If the exposed blood vessels are near the cervix or are at risk of rupturing, the newborn may be delivered via caesarean section as early as 35 weeks gestation.
Pappalysin-1, also known as pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 protease is a protein encoded by the PAPPA gene in humans. [1] PAPPA is a secreted protease whose main substrate is insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. Pappalysin-1 is also used in screening tests for Down syndrome. [2] [3]
Hydrops fetalis or hydrops foetalis is a condition in the fetus characterized by an accumulation of fluid, or edema, in at least two fetal compartments. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] By comparison, hydrops allantois or hydrops amnion is an accumulation of excessive fluid in the allantoic or amniotic space , respectively.
In healthy pregnancies without pre-term or post-term health complications, fetal macrosomia has been observed to affect around 12% of newborns. [10] By comparison, women with gestational diabetes are at an increased risk of giving birth to LGA babies, where ~15-45% of neonates may be affected. [10]