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  2. Polyploidy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploidy

    Polyploidy occurs in some tissues of animals that are otherwise diploid, such as human muscle tissues. [45] This is known as endopolyploidy . Species whose cells do not have nuclei, that is, prokaryotes , may be polyploid, as seen in the large bacterium Epulopiscium fishelsoni . [ 46 ]

  3. Ploidy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidy

    All normal diploid individuals have some small fraction of cells that display polyploidy. Human diploid cells have 46 chromosomes (the somatic number, 2n) and human haploid gametes (egg and sperm) have 23 chromosomes (n). Retroviruses that contain two copies of their RNA genome in each viral particle are also said to be diploid.

  4. Gene duplication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_duplication

    Polyploidy, or whole genome duplication is a product of nondisjunction during meiosis which results in additional copies of the entire genome. Polyploidy is common in plants, but it has also occurred in animals, with two rounds of whole genome duplication in the vertebrate lineage leading to humans. [4]

  5. Polysomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysomy

    Human lymphocyte cultures may be analyzed by flow cytometry to assess chromosomal abnormalities, such as polyploidy, hypodiploidy, and hyperdiploidy. [63] Flow cytometers have the ability to analyze thousands of cells each second and are commonly used to isolate specific cell populations.

  6. Triploid syndrome - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triploid_syndrome

    Triploid syndrome, also called triploidy, is a chromosomal disorder in which a fetus has three copies of every chromosome instead of the normal two. If this occurs in only some cells, it is called mosaic triploidy and is less severe.

  7. Trisomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisomy

    Karyotype of a human with Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome). Trisomies can occur with any chromosome, but often result in miscarriage rather than live birth.For example, Trisomy 16 is most common in human pregnancies, occurring in more than 1%, but the only surviving embryos are those having some normal cells in addition to the trisomic cells (mosaic trisomy 16). [3]

  8. Inbreeding depression - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding_depression

    Polyploidy (having more than two paired sets of each chromosome), which is prevalent in angiosperms, ferns and a select few animal taxa, accounts for this. By having several copies of a chromosome, as opposed to two, homozygosity is less likely to occur in inbred offspring.

  9. Endoreduplication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoreduplication

    Endoreduplication (also referred to as endoreplication or endocycling) is replication of the nuclear genome in the absence of mitosis, which leads to elevated nuclear gene content and polyploidy. Endoreduplication can be understood simply as a variant form of the mitotic cell cycle (G1-S-G2-M) in which mitosis is circumvented entirely, due to ...