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  2. Armodafinil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armodafinil

    At steady state, the systemic exposure for armodafinil is 1.8 times the exposure observed after a single dose. The concentration-time profiles of the (R)-(−)-enantiomer following a single dose of 50 mg Nuvigil or 100 mg Provigil (modafinil being a 1:1 mixture of (R)-(−)- and (S)-(−)- enantiomers

  3. Modafinil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modafinil

    Elimination half-life is in the range of 10 to 12 hours, [11] [154] subject to differences in sex, [106] in cytochrome P450 genotypes, liver function and renal function. Modafinil is metabolized mainly in the liver, [11] and its inactive metabolites are excreted in the urine. Urinary excretion of the unchanged drug is usually less than 10% but ...

  4. Drug metabolism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_metabolism

    Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. More generally, xenobiotic metabolism (from the Greek xenos "stranger" and biotic "related to living beings") is the set of metabolic pathways that modify the chemical structure of xenobiotics, which are compounds foreign to an organism's normal biochemistry, such as any drug ...

  5. Liver tumor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_tumor

    Liver tumors (also known as hepatic tumors) are abnormal growth of liver cells on or in the liver. Several distinct types of tumors can develop in the liver because the liver is made up of various cell types. [1] Liver tumors can be classified as benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) growths.

  6. Tumor hypoxia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_hypoxia

    Tumor stroma and extracellular matrix in hypoxia. Tumor hypoxia is the situation where tumor cells have been deprived of oxygen.As a tumor grows, it rapidly outgrows its blood supply, leaving portions of the tumor with regions where the oxygen concentration is significantly lower than in healthy tissues.

  7. Hepatocellular carcinoma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma

    Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Staging System. The prognosis of HCC is affected by the staging of the tumor, the liver's function due to the effects of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis as well as the person's physical performance status. [48] A number of staging classifications for HCC are available.

  8. Tumor metabolome - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_metabolome

    Hypoxic adaptation by cancer cells is essential for survival and progression of a tumor. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] In addition to cell-autonomous changes that drive a cancer cell to proliferate and contribute to tumorigenesis, it has also been observed that alterations in whole-organism metabolism such as obesity are associated with heightened risks for a ...

  9. CYP2E1 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2E1

    CYP2E1 is a membrane protein expressed in high levels in the liver, where it composes nearly 50% of the total hepatic cytochrome P450 mRNA [8] and 7% of the hepatic cytochrome P450 protein. [9] The liver is therefore where most drugs undergo deactivation by CYP2E1, either directly or by facilitated excretion from the body.

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