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Oxytocin is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide normally produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. [4] Present in animals since early stages of evolution, in humans it plays roles in behavior that include social bonding, love, reproduction, childbirth, and the period after childbirth.
These hormones have essential functions in pregnancy test, maintaining the uterine lining, fetal development, preventing premature labor, and the initiation and support of labor. Subsequently, the hormones are stored and released into the circulation to be conveyed to the specific cells they are intended for.
A woman's breasts change during pregnancy to prepare them for breastfeeding a baby. Normal changes include: Tenderness of the nipple or breast; An increase in breast size over the course of the pregnancy; Changes in the color or size of the nipples and areola; More pronounced appearance of Montgomery's tubercles (bumps on the areola)
High levels of prolactin during pregnancy and breastfeeding also increase insulin resistance, increase growth factor levels (IGF-1) and modify lipid metabolism in preparation for breastfeeding. During lactation, prolactin is the main factor maintaining tight junctions of the ductal epithelium and regulating milk production through osmotic balance.
[18] [21] This hormone is secreted depending on the mothers' sensations and thoughts. [22] For instance, the suckling action of a child and the crying of a baby can promote the rapid increase of maternal oxytocin. During breastfeeding, oxytocin triggers the ejection of milk by contracting the myoepithelium surrounding alveoli in the mammary ...
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Maternal stress experienced during labor and delivery can induce DOL. [18] Stress levels can be influenced by factors including the way of labor, duration of labor and degree of post-surgical pain after a cesarean surgery (c-section). [14] Unscheduled cesarean delivery and long labor duration place excessive pressure on the mother and the fetus ...
During the time immediately after birth, both the mother and the baby are hormonally cued to bond, the mother through the release of oxytocin, a hormone also released during breastfeeding. Studies show that skin-to-skin contact between a mother and her newborn immediately after birth is beneficial for both the mother and baby.